- (Topic 2)
What is RAD?
Correct Answer:
A
RAD stands for Rapid Application Development.
RAD is a methodology that enables organizations to develop strategically important systems faster while reducing development costs and maintaining quality.
RAD is a programming system that enables programmers to quickly build working programs.
In general, RAD systems provide a number of tools to help build graphical user interfaces that would normally take a large development effort.
Two of the most popular RAD systems for Windows are Visual Basic and Delphi. Historically, RAD systems have tended to emphasize reducing development time, sometimes at the expense of generating in-efficient executable code. Nowadays, though, many RAD systems produce extremely faster code that is optimized.
Conversely, many traditional programming environments now come with a number of visual tools to aid development. Therefore, the line between RAD systems and other development environments has become blurred.
Reference:
Information Systems Audit and Control Association, Certified Information Systems Auditor 2002 review manual, chapter 6: Business Application System Development, Acquisition, Implementation and Maintenance (page 307)
http://www.webopedia.com
- (Topic 6)
In the days before CIDR (Classless Internet Domain Routing), networks were commonly organized by classes. Which of the following would have been true of a Class B network?
Correct Answer:
C
Each Class B network address has a 16-bit network prefix, with the two highest order bits set to 1-0.
The following answers are incorrect:
The first bit of the IP address would be set to zero. Is incorrect because, this would be a Class A network address.
The first two bits of the IP address would be set to one, and the third bit set to zero. Is incorrect because, this would be a Class C network address.
The first three bits of the IP address would be set to one. Is incorrect because, this is a distractor. Class D & E have the first three bits set to 1. Class D the 4th bit is 0 and for Class E the 4th bit to 1.
Classless Internet Domain Routing (CIDR) High Order bits are shown in bold below.
For Class A, the addresses are 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 The lowest Class A address is represented in binary as 00000000.00000000.0000000.00000000
For Class B networks, the addresses are 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255. The lowest Class B address is represented in binary as 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
For Class C, the addresses are 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255 The lowest Class C address is represented in binary as 11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
For Class D, the addresses are 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 (Multicast) The lowest Class D address is represented in binary as 11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000
For Class E, the addresses are 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255 (Reserved for future usage) The lowest Class E address is represented in binary as 11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Classful IP Address Format
C:\Users\MCS\Desktop\1.jpg References:
3Com http://www.3com.com/other/pdfs/infra/corpinfo/en_US/501302.pdf AIOv3 Telecommunications and Networking Security (page 438)
- (Topic 4)
Which backup method only copies files that have been recently added or changed and also leaves the archive bit unchanged?
Correct Answer:
D
A differential backup is a partial backup that copies a selected file to tape only if the archive bit for that file is turned on, indicating that it has changed since the last full backup. A differential backup leaves the archive bits unchanged on the files it copies.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 69).
Also see: http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/Backup-Types/
Backup software can use or ignore the archive bit in determining which files to back up, and can either turn the archive bit off or leave it unchanged when the backup is complete. How the archive bit is used and manipulated determines what type of backup is done, as follows
Full backup
A full backup, which Microsoft calls a normal backup, backs up every selected file, regardless of the status of the archive bit. When the backup completes, the backup software turns off the archive bit for every file that was backed up. Note that "full" is a misnomer because a full backup backs up only the files you have selected, which may be as little as one directory or even a single file, so in that sense Microsoft's terminology is actually more accurate. Given the choice, full backup is the method to use because all files are on one tape, which makes it much easier to retrieve files from tape when necessary. Relative to partial backups, full backups also increase redundancy because all files are on all tapes. That means that if one tape fails, you may still be able to retrieve a given file from another tape.
Differential backup
A differential backup is a partial backup that copies a selected file to tape only if the archive bit for that file is turned on, indicating that it has changed since the last full backup. A differential backup leaves the archive bits unchanged on the files it copies. Accordingly, any differential backup set contains all files that have changed since the last full backup. A differential backup set run soon after a full backup will contain relatively few files. One run soon before the next full backup is due will contain many files, including those contained on all previous differential backup sets since the last full backup. When you use differential backup, a complete backup set comprises only two tapes or tape sets: the tape that contains the last full backup and the tape that contains the most recent differential backup. Incremental backup
An incremental backup is another form of partial backup. Like differential backups, Incremental Backups copy a selected file to tape only if the archive bit for that file is turned on. Unlike the differential backup, however, the incremental backup clears the archive bits for the files it backs up. An incremental backup set therefore contains only files that have changed since the last full backup or the last incremental backup. If you run an incremental backup daily, files changed on Monday are on the Monday tape, files changed on Tuesday are on the Tuesday tape, and so forth. When you use an incremental backup scheme, a complete backup set comprises the tape that contains the last full backup and all of the tapes that contain every incremental backup done since the last normal backup. The only advantages of incremental backups are that they minimize backup time and keep multiple versions of files that change frequently. The disadvantages are that backed-up files are scattered across multiple tapes, making it difficult to locate any particular file you need to restore, and that there is no redundancy. That is, each file is stored only on one tape.
Full copy backup
A full copy backup (which Microsoft calls a copy backup) is identical to a full backup except for the last step. The full backup finishes by turning off the archive bit on all files that have been backed up. The full copy backup instead leaves the archive bits unchanged. The full copy backup is useful only if you are using a combination of full backups and incremental or differential partial backups. The full copy backup allows you to make a duplicate "full" backup—e.g., for storage offsite, without altering the state of the hard drive you are backing up, which would destroy the integrity of the partial backup rotation.
Some Microsoft backup software provides a bizarre backup method Microsoft calls a daily copy backup. This method ignores the archive bit entirely and instead depends on the date- and timestamp of files to determine which files should be backed up. The problem is, it's quite possible for software to change a file without changing the date- and timestamp, or to change the date- and timestamp without changing the contents of the file. For this reason, we regard the daily copy backup as entirely unreliable and recommend you avoid using it.
- (Topic 4)
Physically securing backup tapes from unauthorized access is obviously a security concern and is considered a function of the:
Correct Answer:
A
Physically securing the tapes from unauthorized access is obviously a security concern and is considered a function of the Operations Security Domain. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 71.
- (Topic 4)
Which of the following is less likely to accompany a contingency plan, either within the plan itself or in the form of an appendix?
Correct Answer:
A
Why is this the correct answer? Simply because it is WRONG, you would have contact information for your emergency personnel within the plan but NOT for ALL of your personnel. Be careful of words such as ALL.
According to NIST's Special publication 800-34, contingency plan appendices provide key details not contained in the main body of the plan. The appendices should reflect the specific technical, operational, and management contingency requirements of the given system. Contact information for recovery team personnel (not all personnel) and for vendor should be included, as well as detailed system requirements to allow for supporting of system operations. The Business Impact Analysis (BIA) should also be included as an appendix for reference should the plan be activated.
Reference(s) used for this question:
SWANSON, Marianne, & al., National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), NIST Special Publication 800-34, Contingency Planning Guide for Information Technology Systems
