Given the following state model of sales order software: SEE ATTACHMENT
Which of the following sequences of tran-sitions provides the highest level of tran-sition
coverage for the model (assuming you can start in any state)?
Correct Answer:
B
State transition testing is a black-box testing technique where test cases are designed to cover states and transitions of a state machine.
Given the state model with the following transitions:
✑ PLACED -> IN PRODUCTION
✑ IN PRODUCTION -> CANCELLED
✑ IN PRODUCTION -> SHIPPED
✑ SHIPPED -> INVOICED
✑ INVOICED -> CANCELLED
✑ CANCELLED -> PLACED
To cover all transitions at least once, we need to create a sequence that covers all six transitions.
Option A: IN PRODUCTION -> CANCELLED -> PLACED -> IN PRODUCTION -> CANCELLED -> PLACED- Misses SHIPPED -> INVOICED and INVOICED ->
CANCELLED transitions.
Option B: IN PRODUCTION -> SHIPPED -> INVOICED -> CANCELLED -> PLACED -> IN
PRODUCTION- Covers all transitions.
Option C: PLACED -> IN PRODUCTION -> SHIPPED -> CANCELLED (ISTQB not-for-
profit association) (Udemy)sses INVOICED -> CANCELLED transition.
Option D: PLACED -> CANCELLED -> PLACED -> CANCELLED -> PLACED -> IN PRODUCTION -> CANCELLED- Misses SHIPPED -> INVOICED and INVOICED ->
CANCELLED transitions.
Given these, Option B covers all the transitions6†source9†source. References:
✑ Certified Tester Foundation Level v4.0
✑ 10 Sample Exams ISTQB Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0
Which of the following statements about static analysis are FALSE?
Correct Answer:
D
Static analysis involves analyzing the software's code, design, and structure without executing the program. It can uncover various types of defects, including security vulnerabilities (II) and non-conformance to specifications and standards (III). However, static analysis cannot replace dynamic testing (I), which involves executing the software to observe its behavior under various conditions. Dynamic testing can identify failures that static analysis cannot, such as those related to runtime issues and interaction between different parts of the software. Statement IV is false because static analysis does not detect failures; it detects defects. Failures are observed when the software is executed, which is beyond the scope of static analysis.
A bank offers a savings account with various interest rates based on the current balance in the account. The balance ranges and respective interest rates are:
Up to $100.00 =2%
$100.01 to $500.00 = 4%
$500.01 to $1,000.00 = 5
Correct Answer:
B
Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) is a software testing technique in which tests are designed to include values at the boundaries. The concept is to focus on the boundaries since errors tend to occur at the edges of input ranges rather than in the middle.
Given the problem statement:
✑ Up to $100.00 = 2%
✑ $100.01 to $500.00 = 4%
✑ $500.01 to $1,000.00 = 5%
✑ Above $1,000.00 = 7%
Two-point boundary value analysis means testing the two boundaries of each range. For each range:
✑ The boundaries for "Up to $100.00" would be $100.00 and $100.01.
✑ The boundaries for "$100.01 to $500.00" would be $100.00 and $500.00.
✑ The boundaries for "$500.01 to $1,000.00" would be $500.00 and $1,000.00.
✑ The boundaries for "Above $1,000.00" would be $1,000.00 and $1,000.01. Now, let's examine the options:
✑ A. $5.00, $100.00, $499.99, $1,000.00, $1,000.01
✑ B. $100.00, $100.01, $100.02, $500.00, $999.99
✑ C. $100.00, $500.00, $1,000.00, $1,000.01
✑ D. $5.00, $100.00, $500.00, $1,000.01
Given the options, B provides the highest boundary coverage (ISTQB not-for-profit association) (Udemy).
References:
✑ Certified Tester Foundation Level v4.0
✑ 10 Sample Exams ISTQB Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0
Given the following requirement: Requirement ID: 2 8
Requirement Description Additional Entrance Fee Detailed Description
An additional fee of S3 is charged during the weekend, but
1) Visitors aged under 7 are not charged.
2) Visitors aged 7 to 13 inclusive get a 20% discount off the additional fee.
3) Visitors aged greater than 65 get a 50% discount off the additional fee. Age should be an integer of 0 or above.
Weekend means Friday to Sunday inclusive. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
Correct Answer:
A
Boundary value analysis is a technique that tests boundary values between partitions of equivalent data. Boundary values are values at the edge of an equivalence partition or at the smallest incremental distance on either side of an edge. Boundary value analysis can be applied to both input and output values. Based on the given requirement, we can identify two input values: age and weekend. Age should be an integer of 0 or above, and weekend means Friday to Sunday inclusive. The following statement is not correct:
✑ A) Thursday is a valid input boundary value. This statement is not correct, as Thursday is not a boundary value for the input weekend. The boundary values for the input weekend are Friday and Sunday, as they are at the edge of the equivalence partition that represents weekend days. The following statements are correct:
✑ B) A minimum of 6 valid test cases are derived from boundary value analysis based on input age. This statement is correct, as we can derive six valid test cases based on input age by using the minimum and maximum values for each equivalence partition defined by the requirement. The equivalence partitions for input age are: under 7 (0 to 6), 7 to 13 inclusive (7 to 13), and greater than 65 (66 and above). The minimum and maximum values for each partition are: 0 and 6, 7 and 13, and 66 and any value above it.
✑ C) $3.01 is a valid output boundary value. This statement is correct, as $3.01 is a boundary value for the output additional fee. The additional fee can have four possible values depending on the input age: $0 (for visitors aged under 7), $2.40 (for visitors aged 7 to 13 inclusive with a 20% discount), $1.50 (for visitors aged greater than 65 with a 50% discount), and $3 (for visitors aged between 14 and 65). The boundary values for the output additional fee are $0 and $3, as they are at the edge of an equivalence partition or at the smallest incremental distance on either side of an edge. Therefore, $3.01 is a valid output boundary value, as it is at the smallest incremental distance above $3.
✑ D) 7 and 13 are boundary values for the equivalence partition including age 10.
This statement is correct, as 7 and 13 are boundary values for the equivalence partition that represents visitors aged 7 to 13 inclusive. This partition includes age 10, which is an internal value within the partition. Verified References: [A Study
Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer], Chapter 4, page 37-38.
